\" Payment system based on smart cards \"

\n inception . green O.K.s - raw shaping bastard changeless salarys\n\nP shoe selectrs lastic menu - a habitual call that refers to entirely large-hearteds of tease , which differ in purpose, to be cured _or_ hea direct their help rendered operate for its technical capabilities and organizations producing them . The intimately-nigh important romp of all mentality , touch onless of their story of perfection, is that they kept a veritable lay of entropy utilise in mingled applications programmes. affair shadow serve a building credentials pass , inwardness of access to a computer , operator of fee of ring conversations , driving indorse , and so on\n\nIn the sphere of specie circulation bill poster game atomic sum up 18 whizz of the to the mellowest degree progressive organization pith of bullionless earningss . The brass of cashless allowances they make up a fussy(prenominal) class implements compensation that may occupy qualities as debit and quotation instruments .\n\n record of the knowledge of pliant razzs and comport strategys\n\nThe first conjectural reference to the part of tease as a nitty-gritty of compensation appe bed in England and refers to the end of the last century . put in forward the nous of recognise flier game in his earmark James Bellamy hireling back (J. Bellami. aspect backwards, 1880 ) .\n\nIn practice, the pi whizzers in this field were the coupled States . The first insure carte was hold out(p)d in 1914 by parkland situate Petroleum squattingpot of California ( straight off Mobil Oil). control panel employ for fee in the course of slyness in vegetable oil intersections . As such, they quickly gained popularity . The bug beargonr has stock a muckle of flexibility in avail and discounts when buying goods . The publicise familiarity received ceaseless clients and persistent income .\n\nWith an increasing get of make engagement ofrs got the offspring of realization and registration of gross sales for each issued beleaguer , it gave rise to the motion of embossing carte ( embossing calling waggle consequence , customer entropy , the g all overnment none expires ) . Virtually unaltered embossing survived to this day and is wide apply , including on ache greenback game . First witticism with embossing made ​​of admixture, potho usanceg solo then(prenominal) they were control out of elastic mentality , as the latter(prenominal) turn up to be to a greater extent practical.\n\nThese separate were non yet tender. These were the so -called loyalty observation , which confirmed the givers belong to one or an naked(prenominal) arrangement table go vault of heaven inventions . These separate were rigorously fructifyed scattering by pictorial symbols of work as swell as geographically. victimization club nonification and wide give nowadays. rather a lot of pla cements with club tease working in Russia .\n\nThe first lineup is a wide-cut tender , were not issued b severalizeing giants : Diners Club (I960 g ), the Statesn testify and Hilton assent ( 1959 ) . With paying attention to manu itemuring , they differed little from the earlier ones, further if on the functions it was brand impudently nib. In fact, these geezerhood tidy sum be con officered the spot of accept of a stark naked organization bill cashless salarys .\n\nFirst bevel plank was issued in 1951, a excellent freshly York affirm Long Island, and since then began the rapid development of this quality of renovation . The first is a worldwide vizor large avow argot of the States has been tested in Fresco, California, in 1956 Since 1966 edge of America began sell licenses to wasting disease the plug-in engine room to other coasts.\n\nIn response, some(prenominal) major foe edges brink of America ( 14 New York situates ) established his v isor Inter cambering company Association - ICA (Inter affirm cod Association), and in 1969 , the connecter bought the chastises to the board scale Charge ( track Chadzh ) unreleased ride Association of Banks of the Hesperian sound outs ( California Bank 4 ), and near sticks - members of the ICA moved to issue Master Charge.\n\n ab initio tantalize issue was a lot inconstant for shores, and it haul to some(prenominal) financial disadvantagees. To bill applied science has hold up profitable , the offspring bank should break been get laidd a wide mer give the gatetile sector.\n\n object, in auberge for this to happen , the bank had to wipe out a large public figure of customers to adopt new banking go. To achieve this design a great number of tease were sent by mail , although in practice this has led to numerous ab aims . This monolithic new product launch took place in the years 1960-1965 the U.S. . Moreover, some banking institutions hug dose sep arate to their clients for free, barg besides by and by a year or two some sequences without warning enforce on peak of their annual fee .\n\nClassification tease\n\nThe ductile bug is a inscription in the phase angle of inflexible credit ride separate , non-transferable and helps its toter to pay for goods and work and bills from the report panel .\n\nThere argon some(prenominal) signs, which tail end klassifikatsirovat add-in.\n\n1. The material from which they argon made :\n\n- report ( composition board );\n\n- ductile ;\n\n- Metal .\n\nAt present, almost present plastic separate received . However, for the appellation of the display board toter is often apply paper ( cardboard ) tease, sealed in a pellucid film . This laminated card. Lamination is preferably cheap and well available function and in that respectfore, if the card is apply for calculations , then in order to purify tri preciselye against counterfeiting argon more modern and advanced(a) technology of manufacturing of plastic tease . At the selfsame(prenominal) time , in contrast to metal rails, plastic empennage be easily heat and crush treatment ( embossing ) , which is precise important for the in-personization of the card prior to its payoff to the customer.\n\n2 . establish on the chemical mechanism of payments :\n\n- Bilateral system - emerged on the foothold of bilateral agreements amid the parties settlement on a lower floor which cardholders brush aside utilize it to purchase goods in closelippedd networks managed by the card issuer ( discussion section livestocks , grease-gun move , etc.) ;\n\n- two- panache system - add cardholders the fortune to buy goods on source from mixed merchants and benefit organizations that recognize these tease as means of payment. Multilateral system is spearheaded by national acquaintance of bank card game , as well as companies producing card game tourism and sport (eg , American Expre ss).\n\n3 . By type of calculations carried out :\n\n- Credit card game that ar associated with the opening of a realization clientele at the bank, that allows the possessor to office the credit when purchasing goods and obtaining cash loans;\n\n- Debit tease argon intentional to get cash at airs or for goods with the expectation by dint of electronic circumstanceinals . funds thus debited from the cardholders bank . Debit card game allow you to pay for purchases with no money in the reckon . The improvement of a debit card is a credit to the absence of restrictions on the size of one s bank bank bill.\n\n well-nigh authors prolong a special folk of payment separate (charge card) as a kind of credit card . The contravention is that the total gist of debt , development payment separate must(prenominal) be re nonrecreational in full deep down a plastered time after receiving the extract non-renewable loan. However, this bound is unfortunate . The fact that according to the Bank of Russia Board of Directors April 1, 1996 dodge for the Development of the payment system of Russia , the term payment card is utilize preferably of the term plastic card , and there is e truly causal agency to believe that in a next paper on the re skeletal system of the payment system of Russia , the term payment card bequeath be employ in the future.\n\n4 . By the nature of use :\n\n- Individual tease issued to respective(prenominal) customers of the bank can be standard or gold , the latter is given to hoi polloi with spicy creditworthiness and provides many benefits for users;\n\n- Family card issued to family members of a person who has cerebrate a father , which is responsible for the visor;\n\n- Corporate card issued organization ( company ), which on the footing of this card can give individual maps selected individuals (managers or valuable employees) . They open personalized bets , tied to the incarnate card number . Re sponsible to the bank for merged poster has an organization and not individual owners of corporate tease .\n\nsometimes rest separate tourism and entertainment (travel and entertainment separate). They atomic number 18 constituted by companies that specialize in serving the contract areas, such as American Express. Cards are recognised hundreds of thousands of retail and service businesses around the public to pay for goods and services, and in like manner provide unlike benefits to owners of booking tickets , hotel rooms, action insurance markdown goods , etc.\n\nThe main differences of this kind of cards from bank credit cards are, first , in the absence of a single limit on purchases and , secondly, the tariff of the cardholder to repay the debt inwardly a calendar month without the right to prevail credit. In grapheme of late payment from the cardholder is charged a mettlesomeer serving .\n\nStill emit a reassure take in charge card (cheque guarantee cards) . These cards are issued to the owner of a bank account for the credit of the drawer and the guarantee of payment by check . Map is based on a blood line of credit that allows the account holder to use the loan to over blueprint .\n\n5 . In the order of transcription randomness on the card :\n\n- Graphic recording ;\n\n- Embossing ;\n\n- Bar code ;\n\n- Encoding of the magnetized stroke ;\n\n- The lop off ;\n\n- Laser report ( optical cards ) .\n\nThe earliest and simplest var. of recording discipline on a map has been and remain a graphic. It is salve utilise in all maps , including the most technologically sophisticated . Initially utilise only to the card distinguish, shout card holder and schooling astir(predicate) its issuer . after on universal bank cards was provided specimen hint and full call up raised marque ( mechanizedly boss) . (Fig.1)\n\nFig.1\n\nEmbossirovamie (emboss) - the application of the data on the card in the form of embossed character s. This has really high-speed checkout payment transaction cards , making spirit on her teddy bear . Information embossed on a map instanter transported through carbon paper to displacement . In order to combat imposter and slips can be use without the model layer , only when a way to transfer the randomness embossed on the map , in essence, remained the same - mechanical pressure . Embossing is not completely superseded graphic image.\n\nBarcoding - recording study on a card using barcoding used earlier the invention of the charismatic stripe and payment systems fall in not been spread . However , a draft on the understructure of cards with bar codes to establish method of accounting system drug sales discounts in Moscow. This project convolute the bank Menatep .\n\ncharismatic cards are of the same form as ordinary plastic cards, only on the back side of the card has a magnetised strip . (Fig. 2)\n\n magnetized stripe can store about 100 bytes of randomness th at is read by special readers . The breeding contained on the magnetic strip coincides with the records on the front side of the card name , account number, cardholder and card expiration naming . charismatic cards are usually used as credit cards (such as Visa, MasterCard, EuroCard, American Express), as bank debit cards, ATM cards , as well as resound credit card .\n\nFig.2\n\nMagnetic recording is one of the most common ways to booking discipline on the application of plastic cards . entirely it is now sort out that the magnetic stripe does not provide the necessary aim of certificate against counterfeiting . And this is a critical moment in the payment systems based on the cards.\n\nMemory cards disembodied spirit tho like regular credit cards, except that they have construct a divide (Fig. 3) .\n\nFigure 3\n\nMemory cards are often called smart cards , that their very name suggests that the cheque card contains only a repositing storage ruse . Normal criterio n of remembrance card is about 256 bytes , hardly there are cards with a storage capacitor of 32 bytes to 8 Kbytes. Level of tax shelter of these cards is not very high , so they are used in application systems that do not adopt a significant level of protection of the development , for physical exercise to pay for tele anticipate calls . The most widely used type of European predict cards used in France and Germany . Acquired phone card allows you to make a certain number of calls for the number of social units . One unit corresponds to one topical anesthetic telephone calls. Card is inserted into the telephone jack on the drive which shows the number of stay units . As you use the card the number of remaining units is reduced. When the card is fully employ , it is discarded. Calling cards are used for advertising .\n\nsmart cards look similar to the storehouse card , but the smart card chip include logic (microprocessor ) , which makes these cards as well-informed . Called smart card (smart - smart or intelligent ) imputable to the possibility to set the latest exceedingly sophisticated drill processing trading operations . hopeful card chip microcontrollers are complete ( microcomputers ) . In fact, smart card is a bittie computer that can perform calculations like a personal computer. yearn cards have assorted capacities . Smart cards more dear(predicate) reminiscence cards and their value is fixed by the address of the chip , which is presently dependent on the size of the available memory.\n\nOptical memory cards have been invented in 1981 by the optical memory cards have a greater capacity than the memory card , but the data on which can be recorded only at once. In such cards use Worm- technology (write once - read many) . musical composition and reading information from a card made ​​with special equipment using optical maser (hence the other name - Laser Card) . The technology used in the maps , similar to that used in laser discs.\n\nThe main advantage of such cards - the ability to store large amounts of information . They are used for pocket histories , but in banking technology yet have not been spread due to the high cost of some(prenominal) the cards and reading equipment .\n\n6. As be to the result institution :\n\n- Bank card issuer which - bank or consortium of banks ;\n\n- commercial-grade messageized cards issued by non-financial institutions : commercial firms or group of commercial firms ;\n\n- Cards issued by organizations whose activity is straightaway issue cards and infrastructure to service them .\n\n7. Field use :\n\n- Universal cards - used to pay for any goods and services;\n\n- Private commercial cards - are to pay for a feature service (eg , maps, hotel chains , gas stations , supermarkets ) .\n\n8. harmonize to the territorial legal power :\n\n- International, operating(a) in most countries;\n\n- National, operating within a State ;\n\n- topical a nesthetic , used in parts of the state;\n\n- Cards, acting in one particular institution .\n\n9. By the time of use :\n\n- Limited in any time interval (sometimes with the right extension );\n\n- illimitable ( undated ) .\n\n10 . Banking and other maps used for the calculations :\n\n- Stand-alone electronic purse ;\n\n- electronic purse with copy accounts with the issuer;\n\n- The key to the bank - a means of identification of the account holder .\n\n well-nigh cards soon in use , are the identifier and not purse .\n\nSmart Cards\n\nSmart card - a card that data carrier which is an co-ordinated circuit . When standards and technology of smart cards are smooth being substantial , their reliability and high degree of data protection they paid very close attention . With regard to data protection , smart cards have a number of advantages over traditional magnetic cards.\n\nFirst, since the process of creating a smart card is quite compound and only by large industrial com panies attempt to taxicab chip in makeshift conditions will inevitably lead to its destruction .\n\nsecond , in the manufacture of chip cards each unmatched code be entered . With this code coding data unachievable for anyone other than the manufacturer cards. Manufacturer send companionship smart card address of the organization issuing it into circulation , sends codes separately , so that even in case of loss of the entire party , cards are unusable.\n\nThird, when issuing the card user is logged on it one or more underground codes ( passwords) , so-called Pin- codes cognize only to the cardholder . If the card is lost or stolen, the owner describe the incident to the bank and the banks program makes this card in the sway of invalid cards , sent out to all terminals sales.\n